Pg 155
1. What were the internal threats that the ancient Chinese faced?
The ancient Chinese faced civil wars and famines. They also faced rebellions such as peasant rebellion and military rebellion when natural disasters such as droughts and floods occurred. The natural disasters were signs that meant that their ruler was losing the Mandate of Heaven.
Pg 158
1. What were the internal threats that the people of ancient Southeast Asia faced?
The people of ancient Southeast Asia faced threats like natural disasters, succession disputes, piracy and warfare and rebellion.
Pg 161
1. Compare the ininternal threats that the people of ancient India, China and Southeast Asia faced. How were they similar?
In all 3 civilisations, man-made threats such as civil wars or rebellions occurred because the people were unhappy with the ruler and his laws. There were also natural disasters happening in all the 3 civilisations.
Pg 174
1. What were the measures taken by the ancient Chinese against foreign invasion?
Chinese emperor took several steps to prevent foreign invasions. Some of these actions were taken to ensure that the areas beyond China which has been conquered, would remain loyal to the Chinese emperor. Examples are, forming of a tribute system, building physical barriers and armies and developing advanced weapons.
Pg 177
1. What were the external threats that the people of ancient Southeast Asia faced?
They had rivalry between kingdoms and foreign invasion.
Pg 181
1.Why was it important for the people of ancient India, China and Southeast Asia to respond to external threats?
It was to protect themselves and their civilisations and to pass on their acheivements to future generations.
Tuesday, October 27, 2009
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
How did Hinduism and Buddhism spread to Southeast Asia?
HINDUISM
Hinduism came to Southeast Asia around 1st century CE. It is believed that Hindu priests from India were invited to the courts of ancient Southeast Asian rulers to teach Indian culture.
BUDDHISM
Buddhism came to Southeast Asia c. 300 CE. It was borught by Indian and Chinese traders as well as the Buddhist missionaries who travelled with them.
Hinduism came to Southeast Asia around 1st century CE. It is believed that Hindu priests from India were invited to the courts of ancient Southeast Asian rulers to teach Indian culture.
BUDDHISM
Buddhism came to Southeast Asia c. 300 CE. It was borught by Indian and Chinese traders as well as the Buddhist missionaries who travelled with them.
IMPACTS ON RELIGION
Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam had a great impact on the way the people of ancient Southeast Asia lived. These religions guided many ancient Southeast Asian rulers in the way the they governed.
In ancient China, the people of ancient Southeast Asia did not entirely follow the teachings of their new religions and abandon their older beliefs. Instead, they combined their older beliefs with the teachings of their new religion.
In Southeast Asia, the kings no longer saw themselves as gods but they continued to use emblems of kingship.
It has shaped the lives of people in Southeast Asia today.
In ancient China, the people of ancient Southeast Asia did not entirely follow the teachings of their new religions and abandon their older beliefs. Instead, they combined their older beliefs with the teachings of their new religion.
In Southeast Asia, the kings no longer saw themselves as gods but they continued to use emblems of kingship.
It has shaped the lives of people in Southeast Asia today.
Thursday, September 10, 2009
INDIA : maritime trade
What was the result of this interaction?
The Indus people borrowed the idea from Mesopotamia of using seals to mark their goods. This is bacause their seals were found to be familiar.
The Indus people borrowed the idea from Mesopotamia of using seals to mark their goods. This is bacause their seals were found to be familiar.
Wednesday, July 22, 2009
Shang Civilisation
What happened c. 1150 BCE?
The last king was killed c.1150 BCE. The dynasty that ruled next was the Western Zhou dynasty(1027-771BCE). The Zhou kings had a similar culture to the Shang kings. Thus, the change in dynasty did not result in the end of Shang Civilisation. Around 771 BCE, a group of people killed the Zhou king and his son had to move his capital eastward. His dynasty was known as the Eastern Zhou dynasty(771-221 BCE).
However, fighting between the people continued and the last 232 years of the Eastern Zhou dynasty was known as the Period of Warring States. During this period, the northern part of China was broken up into several competing kingdoms. Finally, in 221 BCE, a prince manged to unite these kingdoms to form the first Chinese empire under the Qin dynasty(221-206 BCE).
The last king was killed c.1150 BCE. The dynasty that ruled next was the Western Zhou dynasty(1027-771BCE). The Zhou kings had a similar culture to the Shang kings. Thus, the change in dynasty did not result in the end of Shang Civilisation. Around 771 BCE, a group of people killed the Zhou king and his son had to move his capital eastward. His dynasty was known as the Eastern Zhou dynasty(771-221 BCE).
However, fighting between the people continued and the last 232 years of the Eastern Zhou dynasty was known as the Period of Warring States. During this period, the northern part of China was broken up into several competing kingdoms. Finally, in 221 BCE, a prince manged to unite these kingdoms to form the first Chinese empire under the Qin dynasty(221-206 BCE).
Shang Civilisation
RELIGION
The Shang worshipped a figure they called "Shang Ti," or "Lord on High." This supreme god ruled over lesser gods of the sun, the moon, the wind, the rain, and other natural forces and places. Shang-Ti also regulated human affairs as well as ruling over the material universe. This dual function would, in the Chou dynasty, be attributed to a more abstract figure, "t'ien," or "Heaven." The Shang also believed that their ancestors dwelled in heaven after their death and continued to show an interest in their family and descendants. The obligations within the family included, therefore, the ancestors. Failing in one's duties to the ancestors could bring all sorts of disaster on a family. All of these divine and semi-divine figures, from Shang-Ti to a family's ancestors, were sacrificed to. However, we know little of the nature or the frequency of these sacrifices. We do know, however, that in the Chou dynasty only the king could sacrifice to Shang-Ti; it is highly likely that Shang-Ti was the "local god" of the Shang kings who was subsequently elevated in order to elevate the Shang themselves. The one disturbing fact of Shang sacrifice is that it certainly involved humans; slaves and prisoners of war were often sacrificed by the hundreds when a king died. Lesser numbers were sacrificed at the founding of a palace or temple.
information taken from http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCCHINA/SHANG.HTM
image taken from http://www.taoistsecret.com/images/god08.jpg
The Shang worshipped a figure they called "Shang Ti," or "Lord on High." This supreme god ruled over lesser gods of the sun, the moon, the wind, the rain, and other natural forces and places. Shang-Ti also regulated human affairs as well as ruling over the material universe. This dual function would, in the Chou dynasty, be attributed to a more abstract figure, "t'ien," or "Heaven." The Shang also believed that their ancestors dwelled in heaven after their death and continued to show an interest in their family and descendants. The obligations within the family included, therefore, the ancestors. Failing in one's duties to the ancestors could bring all sorts of disaster on a family. All of these divine and semi-divine figures, from Shang-Ti to a family's ancestors, were sacrificed to. However, we know little of the nature or the frequency of these sacrifices. We do know, however, that in the Chou dynasty only the king could sacrifice to Shang-Ti; it is highly likely that Shang-Ti was the "local god" of the Shang kings who was subsequently elevated in order to elevate the Shang themselves. The one disturbing fact of Shang sacrifice is that it certainly involved humans; slaves and prisoners of war were often sacrificed by the hundreds when a king died. Lesser numbers were sacrificed at the founding of a palace or temple.
information taken from http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCCHINA/SHANG.HTM
image taken from http://www.taoistsecret.com/images/god08.jpg
Saturday, July 18, 2009
Indus Valley Civilisation
What happened c. 1500 BCE?
Around 1900 BC, signs of a gradual decline begin to emerge. People started to leave the cities. Those who remained were poorly nourished. By around 1800 BC, most of the cities were abandoned.
In the aftermath of the Indus civilization's collapse, regional cultures emerged, to varying degrees showing the influence of the Indus civilization. In the formerly great city of Harappa, burials have been found that correspond to a regional culture called the Cemetery H culture. At the same time, the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture expands from Rajasthan into the Gangetic Plain.
It is in this context of the aftermath of a civilization's collapse that the Indo-Aryan migration hypothesis into northern India is discussed. In the early twentieth century, this migration was forwarded in the guise of an "Aryan invasion", and when the civilization was discovered in the 1920s, its collapse at precisely the time of the conjectured invasion was seen as an independent confirmation.
In the words of the archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler, the Indo-Aryan war god Indra "stands accused" of the destruction. It is however far from certain whether the collapse of the IVC is a result of an Indo-Aryan migration, if there was one. It seems rather likely that, to the contrary, the hypothized Indo-Aryan migration was as a result of the collapse, comparable with the decline of the Roman Empire and the incursions of relatively primitive peoples during the Migrations Period.
A third possibilty is that IVC colapsed primarily due to natural reasons (climate change, tectonic activity along the subduction zone along the Indo-Asian plate boundary) and that there was no Indo-Aryan invasion that took place. Swastika, a symbol associated with the Indo-Aryans by easrly historians, has been found in large numbers over several IVC sites.
Similarly, several Shiv Lingum type structures have been found at several IVC sites. Both the Swastika and Shiv Lingum have been symbols closely related to the Hindu religion (even to the present day), indicating continuity of the IVC civilization rather than a complete collapse or destruction. The discovery of Swastikas have put to question the theory of an Aryan invasion of Indian subcontinent.A possible natural reason of the IVC's decline is connected with climate change.
In 2600 BC, the Indus Valley was verdant, forested, and teeming with wildlife. It was wetter, too; floods were a problem and appear, on more than one occasion, to have overwhelmed certain settlements. As a result, Indus civilization people supplemented their diet with hunting. By 1800 BC, the climate is known to have changed. It became significantly cooler and drier.
The crucial factor may have been the disappearance of substantial portions of the Ghaggar-Hakra river system. A tectonic event may have diverted the system's sources toward the Ganges Plain, though there is some uncertainty about the date of this event. Such a statement may seem dubious if one does not realize that the transition between the Indus and Gangetic plains amounts to a matter of inches.
The region in which the river's waters formerly arose is known to be geologically active, and there is evidence of major tectonic events at the time the Indus civilization collapsed. Although this particular factor is speculative, and not generally accepted, the decline of the IVC, as with any other civilization, will have been due to a combination of a variety of reasons.
Around 1900 BC, signs of a gradual decline begin to emerge. People started to leave the cities. Those who remained were poorly nourished. By around 1800 BC, most of the cities were abandoned.
In the aftermath of the Indus civilization's collapse, regional cultures emerged, to varying degrees showing the influence of the Indus civilization. In the formerly great city of Harappa, burials have been found that correspond to a regional culture called the Cemetery H culture. At the same time, the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture expands from Rajasthan into the Gangetic Plain.
It is in this context of the aftermath of a civilization's collapse that the Indo-Aryan migration hypothesis into northern India is discussed. In the early twentieth century, this migration was forwarded in the guise of an "Aryan invasion", and when the civilization was discovered in the 1920s, its collapse at precisely the time of the conjectured invasion was seen as an independent confirmation.
In the words of the archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler, the Indo-Aryan war god Indra "stands accused" of the destruction. It is however far from certain whether the collapse of the IVC is a result of an Indo-Aryan migration, if there was one. It seems rather likely that, to the contrary, the hypothized Indo-Aryan migration was as a result of the collapse, comparable with the decline of the Roman Empire and the incursions of relatively primitive peoples during the Migrations Period.
A third possibilty is that IVC colapsed primarily due to natural reasons (climate change, tectonic activity along the subduction zone along the Indo-Asian plate boundary) and that there was no Indo-Aryan invasion that took place. Swastika, a symbol associated with the Indo-Aryans by easrly historians, has been found in large numbers over several IVC sites.
Similarly, several Shiv Lingum type structures have been found at several IVC sites. Both the Swastika and Shiv Lingum have been symbols closely related to the Hindu religion (even to the present day), indicating continuity of the IVC civilization rather than a complete collapse or destruction. The discovery of Swastikas have put to question the theory of an Aryan invasion of Indian subcontinent.A possible natural reason of the IVC's decline is connected with climate change.
In 2600 BC, the Indus Valley was verdant, forested, and teeming with wildlife. It was wetter, too; floods were a problem and appear, on more than one occasion, to have overwhelmed certain settlements. As a result, Indus civilization people supplemented their diet with hunting. By 1800 BC, the climate is known to have changed. It became significantly cooler and drier.
The crucial factor may have been the disappearance of substantial portions of the Ghaggar-Hakra river system. A tectonic event may have diverted the system's sources toward the Ganges Plain, though there is some uncertainty about the date of this event. Such a statement may seem dubious if one does not realize that the transition between the Indus and Gangetic plains amounts to a matter of inches.
The region in which the river's waters formerly arose is known to be geologically active, and there is evidence of major tectonic events at the time the Indus civilization collapsed. Although this particular factor is speculative, and not generally accepted, the decline of the IVC, as with any other civilization, will have been due to a combination of a variety of reasons.
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